Online First

Articles accepted for publication, available online before print.

  • Review Article Advances in the Development and Optimization of Modular Multi-Residue Briquetting Machines: A Comprehensive Review

    Nwadinobi Chibundo Princewill*, Nwakwuribe Victor Chimaoge and Ezeaku Innocent Ikeokwu

    https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22814607

    Abstract: Growing demand for renewable and sustainable energy sources has fueled interest in biomass briquetting as a useful technique for turning agricultural and forestry waste into high-density solid biofuels. Emerging as a viable answer is modular multi-residue briquetting equipment since it can process many different types of biomass, is scalable, is simple to maintain and may adapt to changing output needs. Emphasizing machine design, densification processes, material preparation, operational settings and performance assessment, this review critically reviews recent developments in the creation and optimization of modular multi-residue briquetting equipment. The review combines results on how biomass properties, moisture content, particle size, compaction pressure, binder use, die design and temperature affect briquette quality parameters including density, compressive strength, endurance, calorific value and combustion efficiency. Moreover, recent developments in modular design, automation, intelligent control systems, energy- efficient drive mechanisms, and computational optimization methods are examined to show their effects on enhanced machine performance and operational effectiveness. Also covered are current problems: feedstock volatility, die wear, energy use, process standardization and inadequate integration of digital monitoring technology. Emerging research directions noted in the review are Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled monitoring, digital twin technology, artificial intelligence-driven process optimization and sustainable manufacturing techniques for next-generation briquetting systems. This review offers insightful analysis for scientists, equipment designers, legislators and renewable energy professionals trying to advance biomass densification technologies for sustainable energy generation, trash valorization and circular bio-economy development by combining current knowledge and pointing out technical gaps.

    Key words: Biomass briquetting, Briquetting systems, Machine optimization, Multi-residue biomass

  • Review Article A Review on the Potential of Algal Exopolysaccharides for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production

    Aqsa Majgaonkar, Sandra Cyriac and Vijaya Lobo*

    Abstract: The aviation industry’s increasing carbon footprint has intensified the search for sustainable alternatives to conventional fossil-based jet fuels. Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) has emerged as a promising solution and algal exopolysaccharides (EPS) have gained attention as a novel renewable feedstock owing to their diverse structural, physicochemical and functional properties. This review explores the potential of algal EPS for sustainable aviation fuel production, highlighting their sources, composition, biological significance and suitability as biofuel precursors. The diversity of EPS producing algal species and the influence of environmental and cultivation conditions on EPS yield and composition are discussed, emphasizing opportunities for feedstock optimization. The review comprehensively examines current extraction approaches, including physical, chemical and biological methods, along with their advantages, limitations and prospects for large-scale implementation. Purification strategies such as centrifugation, filtration, precipitation and chromatographic techniques are evaluated for their effectiveness in obtaining high-quality EPS. Furthermore, modification and functionalization approaches, including chemical derivatization, enzymatic treatment and oxidation, are reviewed as means of enhancing EPS properties for biofuel applications. Key characterization techniques used to determine molecular weight, structural features and physicochemical behavior are also discussed. Despite the promising attributes of algal EPS, challenges related to extraction efficiency, production costs, scalability, feedstock variability and limited fuel-performance data remain significant barriers to commercialization. The review identifies critical research gaps and proposes future directions, including standardized fuel testing, pilot scale validation, life cycle assessment and species specific optimization. Overall, algal EPS represent a versatile and environmentally sustainable resource with considerable potential for next-generation sustainable aviation fuels, contributing to the decarbonization of the aviation sector and the advancement of a circular bioeconomy.

    Key words: Algal exopolysaccharides (EPS), Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), Biofuel feedstock, Extraction

  • Short Communication First Report of Rambur’s Dropwing, Neurothemis Ramburii (Brauer, 1866) (Insecta: Odonata: Libellulidae) from Mainland, India.

    Prabir Narayan Konwar1, Jennifer Lyngdoh1 and Bikramjit Sinha2*

    Abstract: Odonates are important predators in nature feeding on mosquitoes and other small insects, thus, maintaining ecological balance. Among Odonata, Libellulidae is an important family, which contains the genus Neurothemis Brauer, 1867 having striking wing patterns and coloration. In the present study, new distributional record of a species under the genus, Neurothemis ramburii (Brauer, 1866) from Khomi Village in Phek district of Nagaland in North-East India is reported, thereby extending the known range of the species. The identity of the species was confirmed through morphological characters like wing maculation, wing venation, and unique pigmentation of wings and features of the genitalia. Though the present report is based on a single specimen, there is probability of finding more numbers with extensive exploration of similar habitats or localities in the region. Previously, N. ramburii was recorded only from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The present record of the species from Nagaland, thus, represents the first confirmed occurrence of this species from mainland India.

    Key words: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Biodiversity, Nagaland, Neurothemis

  • Original Research Article Community Perception, Damage Assessment and Mitigation Strategies of Human–Elephant Conflict in Goalpara District of Assam

    Gracy Riksime N Arengh, Peacefully Sangma, Chandana Das and Awarlin Chetia*

    https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22814537

    Abstract: Goalpara district of Assam is widely known for human-elephant conflict. The four Forest Range offices-Goalpara Sadar Range, Central Range of Krishnai, Rangjuli Range and Lakhipur Range are involved in forest conservation and conflict mitigation activities in the district. The present survey was conducted across these four ranges of Goalpara district using questionnaires and interviews. The study examines the severity and impacts of human-elephant conflict, community perceptions of elephant behaviour and administrative initiatives for conflict mitigation and elephant conservation. Among the participants, 72.2% perceived elephants as a source of fear and the remaining 27.8% viewed elephants as indifferent animals and considered coexistence with elephants possible. The major impacts of human-elephant conflict included crop damage (64.2%), property damage (13.6%), livestock loss (6.8%), psychological fear (5.6%) and physical injuries (3.7%), while 6.1% reported no elephant-related damage. In addition, 4.3% of respondents reported the loss of family members, while the remaining 95.7% were aware of human-elephant conflict in the area. Official records showed 159 male and 77 female deaths due to elephant attacks in the district between 2011 and 2025. The conflict has also affected the elephant population, with 56 elephant deaths recorded between 2010 and 2025 across the four ranges. These deaths were mainly attributed to electrocution, other human-induced causes and natural death. Integrated measures, such as low-current solar-powered electric fencing, plantation of elephant-preferred food species, eviction of forest encroachments, awareness programmes, and safe deterrent use can help mitigate human-elephant conflict while supporting elephant conservation.

    Key words: Afforestation, community, damage, conservation, human-elephant conflict, mitigation