Abstract: The global food production is confronted with substantial obstacles because of an expanding population and deteriorating environmental degradation. The existing agricultural methods may be insufficient to provide sustenance for the entire population. Enhancing agricultural productivity is imperative to tackle this pressing issue, and there exists significant potential for advancement in the coming years. Nevertheless, it is imperative that we embrace inventive and ecologically sustainable agricultural techniques to surmount this obstacle. Studies have demonstrated that the utilisation of phosphatesolubilizing bacteria can yield significant advantages for plants, improving their well-being and efficiency under different environmental circumstances. Regrettably, the extensive utilisation of detrimental synthetic pesticides jeopardises the existence of these advantageous bacteria, which are crucial for the well-being of plant roots on a global scale. The efficacy of biofertilizers hinges on the proficiency with which we develop, maintain, and administer viable microbial cells. It is crucial to optimise production processes to enhance cost-effectiveness and efficiency. Following extensive cultivation, it is necessary to create bioinoculant formulations in either liquid or solid states to guarantee their durability, ease of application, and ability to endure environmental pressures. An exhaustive examination of these ideal circumstances is essential for developing cost-effective, high output bioinoculants that enhance crop growth and productivity. The objective of this study is to analyse the effective compositions and the process of bringing microbial matriculants to market, which promote plant growth. This research will offer vital knowledge about the potential of sustainable agricultural practices in the future.
Key words: Agricultural practices, environmental degradation, global food production, population growth

Abstract: Implantation and structural architecture of embryo is very crucial for development of animal. Hox genes are key regulator of implantation and structural changes of early embryo. Hox genes transcribe to form homeodomain-containing transcription factors. The different types of Homeobox genes are involved in implantation and decidualization. Post-implantation processes like limb development, lung development also involves the regulation by Hox genes. In the formation of female reproductive tract from the undifferentiated duct, the Hox plays a decisive role in deciding its fate. Different Hoxa genes are responsible for formation of the different part of the tract including oviduct, uterus and upper vagina. The development of limb is depended on several HOXD genes. HOXB clusters of homeobox genes are responsible for axial patterning. This review gives a holistic assessment on the functioning of Hox genes as regulators of numerous important roles in implantation as well as the development of embryo.
Key words:  homeodomain, decidualization, implantation, Homeobox.

Abstract: The term “Biodiversity” refers to the variety and variability among organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur. Thus, biodiversity can be defined as the totality of genes, species and ecosystem of a region. Sustainable management ensures that the rate of exploitation of biological species by man does not exceed the rate of their regeneration or reproduction. Sustainable management of biodiversity ensure the survival of all the biological species in the world and thereby follows the same trend of nature. So sustainable management can be called a nature-friendly approach. Sustainable management of algal biodiversity promotes the maintenance of genetic diversity that is the basis of any genetic improvement work and indirectly promotes climatic stability and soil productivity. Diverse algalogical species and their gene pool act as the storehouse of valuable genes that can exhibit suitable phenotypes to overcome the biotic as well as abiotic stresses. Sustainable management of algal biodiversity thus holds a great promise in ensuring better life support to our offspring through food, manure and pharamaceutical security. It is the sustainable management alone that can utilize algaldiversity not only to meet our present needs but also future needs.
Key words:  Algaldiversity, Conservation, Sustainable Management

Abstract: The subtropical forest ecosystem of Kakoi Reserve Forest of Assam, India, is home to a diverse range of indigenous communities, including the Ahom, Sutia, Koch, Adivasi, Mishing, Boro, Kachari, and Nepali, who have historically utilised its non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for subsistence. This study investigates the wild edible plants traditionally consumed by these communities residing near the Kakoi Reserve Forest. Employing a semi-structured interview approach, ethnobotanical data was collected between January and September 2018 from knowledgeable residents in villages bordering the forest. The primary objective was to document the traditional knowledge of these communities regarding wild edible plants. The survey identified a remarkable diversity of 86 wild edible plant species within the Kakoi Reserve Forest. Dicots were the dominant group, with 70 species documented. A detailed record was compiled, capturing the various ways these plants contribute to the local diet. This study contributes significantly to our understanding of the role that wild edible plants play in the dietary composition and nutritional security of communities surrounding the Kakoi Reserve Forest. The traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of local communities regarding wild edible plants represents an invaluable bridge between traditional knowledge and scientific research.
Key words: Assam, NTFP, ethnobotany, India, Kakoi Reserve Forest, traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), wild edible plants

Abstract: The Indian Himalayan region, especially Kumaun Himalaya, hosts diverse forest ranges from tropical to alpine zones, offering extensive habitats for various lichen species. Lichen is a symbiotic association of an alga and a fungus, living together in a close, interdependent relationship. They are pioneers in forest succession, colonizing disturbed areas and aiding soil formation by breaking down substrates and trapping organic matter. Lichens serve multiple ecological and practical purposes. Some birds utilize them as nesting material, while musk deer and tailless mice used as silage among lichens in alpine regions. Additionally, various lichen species are valued for their applications in spices, dyes, perfumery and traditional medicine. This study examined lichen diversity across five forest stands in Kumaun, identifying 40 species from 17 genera and 8 families. The highest diversity was found in the high-altitude Quercus floribunda forest, with 31 species, followed by Q. leucotrichophora , which had 18 species. After Q. floribunda , followed by Q. leucotrichophora forest and Alnus nepalensis were preferred by lichen taxa. The study concluded that within the altitudinal range of 1200m to 2200m, Q. leucotrichophora forest and Alnus nepalensis (Nepalese Alder) were identified as important alternative tree phorophytes for lichen taxa.These two species supported a higher diversity of lichen growth compared to other tree species across the five forest stands examined in the study area, likely due to their bark characteristics and microhabitat conditions that influence lichen colonization. This finding underscores the ecological importance of these tree species in supporting lichen diversity and conservation within mid-altitude Himalayan forests.
Key words:  Conservation, ecological significance, forest types, Kumaun Himalaya, lichens.

Abstract: Lakes are huge bodies of water located inland. India is a country that relies heavily on agriculture, and its lakes, rivers, and ponds are used for irrigation. Lakes provide important environmental, social, and economic roles. These include supplying drinking water, replenishing groundwater, absorbing floodwater, fostering biodiversity, and living. While the presence of heavy metals in water is vital for life, concentrations higher than those advised by national and international organizations can lead to physiological problems. The presence of heavy metals in water and sediment presents serious problems for aquaculture, agriculture, and freshwater ecosystems. Excess of these can come from both natural and man-made sources in the aquatic environment through a variety of processes and pathways. Due to their non-biodegradable nature, an accumulation of heavy metals in living organisms can be hazardous and carcinogenic. In this study, Kelageri Lake in the Dharwad district was evaluated in 2023 for the concentrations of many heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr) as well as other physicochemical characteristics. While heavy metals were analysed using an Atomic Adsorption Spectrometer (AAS), water quality data were gathered monthly. All heavy metal levels were below allowable limits, apart from Fe and Ni, which had greater values during the southwest monsoon. Mn, on the other hand, had a higher concentration during the northeast monsoon throughout the summer. The remaining physico-chemical parameters are also within the acceptable range. The lake is prolific, and the water is rather firm.
Key words:  Dharwad, Heavy metals. Kelegeri Lake, Water quality